Ask A Librarian
Use the links below or scroll to find the type of information.
Author Last Name, F. (Year). Book Title. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxx
Example:
In-Text
(O'Connor & Weatherall, 2019)
References
O'Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The misinformation age: How false beliefs spread. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8jp0hk.11
Author Last Name, F. (Year). Book Title. Publisher.
Example:
In-Text
(Ogden, 2021)
References
Ogden, D. (2021). The werewolf in the ancient world. Oxford University Press.
Company name. (Date). Book Title, Edition, Publisher.
Example:
In-Text
(American Heart Association, 2010)
References
American Heart Association. (2010). The New American Heart Association Cookbook (8th ed.). Clarkson Potter.
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of essay or chapter. In Editor Name (Ed.), Book title (pages). Publisher.
Example:
In-Text
(Russ, 2017).
References
Russ, J. (2017).The image of women in science fiction. In R. Latham (Ed.), Science fiction criticism: An anthology of essential writings (pp. 200-210). Bloomsbury.
Entry name. (Date). In Editor Name (Ed.), Book Title (version). Publisher.
Example:
In-Text
("Detecting werewolves," 2011)
References
Detecting werewolves. (2011). In B. Steiger, The werewolf book: The encyclopedia of shape-shifting beings (2nd ed.). Visible Ink Press.
(Cite exactly like a print book. Don't include the database name.)
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Book Title. Publisher.
Example:
In-Text
(Groom, 2018)
References
Groom, N. (2018). The vampire: A new history. Yale University Press.
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Book Title. Publisher. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Cervantes)
References
Cervantes Saavedra, M. (n.d.). The history of Don Quixote (J. Ormsby, Trans.). https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/996
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. Title of Journal vol(no), pages. https://doi.org/xxx
Example:
In-Text
(Klopov et al., 2023)
References
Klopov, I., Shapurov, O., Voronkova, V., Nikitenko, V., Oleksenko, R., Khavina, I., & Chebakova, Y. (2023, November). Digital transformation of education based on artificial intelligence. TEM Journal 12(4), 2635-2644. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM124-74
NOTE: Cite online journals articles without a DOI as you would a print journal. You do not need to name the database.
If the article is open access online (not in a database), you can choose to add a link to the article.
Author Last Name, F. (Date), Title of article. Title of Journal vol(no), pages.
Example:
In-Text
(Jawer, 2023)
References
Jawer, M. (2023, Spring). Emotion: The connective tissue of atmospheres and haunts. Journal of Scientific Exploration 37(1), 88-105.
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. Title of Magazine vol(no), pages.
Example:
In-Text
(Bhargava, 2023)
References
Bhargava, R. (2023, Winter). Can you read culture? Inc. 45(6), 24.
Cite same as a print magazine.
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. Title of Magazine vol(no), pages.
Example:
In-Text
(Fink, 2023)
References
Fink, T. J. (2023, December 31). AI content detector: How to spot AI creations. Laptop.
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. Title of Magazine vol(no), pages. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Pang, 2024)
References
Pang, A. (2024, January 25). Rest takes hard work. Time. https://time.com/6566763/rest-takes-hard-work-essay/
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pages.
Example:
In-Text
(Smith, 2023)
References
Smith, D. G. (2023, January 8). Here to help: How to overcome task paralysis. The New York Times, A3+.
In APA 7th ed., articles published in online news sources (ex- BBC News, Bloomberg, CNN, Reuters) will have the title of the article italicized but not the name of the source.
Sources that have both an online and print presence (ex- Washington Post or New York Times)
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. Source. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Bloom, 2024)
References
Bloom, J. (2024, February 1). Could AI "trading bots" transform the world of investing? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-68092814
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. Title of Source. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Mizan, 2024)
References
Mizan, N. (2024, January 26). Girl Scout cookies price hike: What's the price per box and where is the money going? Houston Chronicle. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/retail/article/girl-scouts-cookies-price-increase-18628206.php
Title of webpage. (Date). Source. URL
Example:
In-Text
("Shrinking Moon," 2024).
References
Shrinking moon causing moonquakes and faults near lunar south pole. (2024, January 25). NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/earth/moon/shrinking-moon-causing-moonquakes-and-faults-near-lunar-south-pole/
Cite only original content from social media platforms. (For example, if an article is shared, cite the article instead.)
If there are audiovisuals like photos or videos, indicate them in square brackets after the text of the post.
Don't alter the spelling or capitalization of the post, retain hashtags and links, replicate emojis if possible or put the name of the emoji in brackets.
(Emoji names can be found at https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/index.html)
Author, A. [@username]. (Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Description of audiovisuals]. Site name. URL
Example (Twitter / X):
In-Text
(Lone Star College, 2019).
References
Lone Star College [@lonestarcollege]. (2019, December 11). [partying face] We received approval to offer bachelor’s degrees, including Bachelor of Science in Nursing; Bachelor of Applied Technology in Cybersecurity; and Bachelor of Applied Science in Energy, Manufacturing & Trades Management. [clapping hands] [star-struck] [woman student] [man student] chron.com/neighborhood/m...via @houstonchron [Image attached]. X. https://twitter.com/lonestarcollege/status/1204842366357651456
Example (Instagram):
In-Text
(Lone Star College, 2024).
References
Lone Star College [@lonestarcollege]. (2024, January 12). The Houston Business Journal named Mario K. Castillo, J.D., LSC chancellor among the Top 100 Texans who have made an impact in 2023. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/C2BElOfMWpc/
Author, F. or username. Title of Post. Title of Blog. URL
Example:
In-Text
(McAdoo, 2023).
References
McAdoo, T. (2023, April 7). How to cite ChatGPT. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt
NOTE: the author is who uploaded the video, not necessarily the video's creator.
Author, F. [username]. (Date). Title of video [Video]. Platform title. URL
Example (YouTube):
In-Text
(Pocket Gamer, 2015)
References
Pocket Gamer. (2015, August 28). What is 8-bit? | What are 8-bit graphics, anyway? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/QaIoW1aL9GE?si=k5qbVyciaWhf8Y37
Example (TED Talk):
In-Text
(Shaw, 2015)
References
Shaw, G. (2015, February). Why people believe they can't draw [Video]. TEDx. https://www.ted.com/talks/graham_shaw_why_people_believe_they_can_t_draw
The Director is usually used as the author, but if unknown, another similar role may be used.
You don't need to specify how you watched a film (e.g. DVD, in theater, streaming online), but you can give identifying version information inside the brackets following Film.
If streaming online, you can add the URL.
Last Name, F. (Director). (Date). Title of work [Film]. Production Company.
Example:
In-Text
(Coogler, 2018).
References
Coogler, R. (Director). (2018). Black panther [Film]. Marvel Studios.
Example:
In-Text
(Parker, 1995)
References
Parker, O. (Director). (1995). Othello [Film]. Columbia Pictures. https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/play/5b248cf117888f54?referrer=direct
Include writer(s) and the director for the episode and include their contribution in parentheses.
You don't need to specify how you watched it.
Last name, F. (Writer), & Last name, F. (Director). (Date). Title of episode (Season no., Episode no.) [TV Series episode]. In P. P. Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV Series. Production company.
Example:
In-Text
(van Munster & Doganieri, 2001)
References
van Munster, B. (Writer & Director), & Doganieri, E. (Writer). (2001, November 21). To the physical and mental limit (Season 1, Episode 10) [TV Series Episode]. In E. Doganieri & B. van Munster (Executive Producers), The Amazing Race. Earthview; Jerry Bruckheimer Television; CBS Productions.
Include producers and include their contribution in parentheses.
You don't need to specify how you watched it.
For the date, include the series run. If still ongoing, use start date - present.
Last name, F., & Last name, F. (Producers). (Date). Title of TV Series. Production company.
Example:
In-Text
(Fogelman, 2016-2022)
References
Fogelman, D. (Executive Producer). (2016-2022). This is us [TV Series]. Rhode Island Ave. Productions; Zaftig Films; 20th Century Fox Television.
Artist's Last Name, F. (Date). Title of image [Medium]. Source. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Beaton, n.d.)
References
Beaton, K. (n.d.). Tesla, Marconi, Edison [Comic]. Hark! A Vagrant. http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=256
Artist's Last Name, F. (Date). Title of image [Medium]. Source. URL
Example:
In-Text
(O'Keefe, 1938)
References
O'Keefe, Georgia. (1938). Red Hill and White Shell [Painting]. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/17860/red-hill-and-white-shell?ctx=c469d6c7436b6ddfaeba46e287e6d599ebbed0c0&idx=0
Instructions are for citing but not reproducing clip art or stock images. To reproduce, you may also need permission and/or a copyright admission in addition to the citation. See the APA Style guide for Clip Art or Stock References.
You don't need to cite images from Microsoft Office.
Author, A. (Date). Title of image [Medium]. Source. URL
Example:
In-Text
(liftarn, 2024)
References
liftarn. (2024, February 7). Cartoon raccoon holding a blank sign [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/346730/cartoon-raccoon-holding-blank-sign
Artist, A. (Date). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album. Recording Label.
Example:
In-Text
(Lipa, 2023).
References
Lipa, D. (2023). Dance the Night [Song]. On Barbie the album. Atlantic.
Artist, A. (Date). Title of album [Album]. Recording Label.
Example:
In-Text
(Bowie, 1972).
References
Bowie, D. The rise and fall of Ziggy Stardust and the spiders from Mars [Album]. RCA Records.
Author Last name, F. (Date). Title (F. Lastname, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Cline, 2011).
References
Cline, E. (2011). Ready Player One (W. Wheaton, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Random House Audio. https://www.audible.com/pd/Ready-Player-One-Audiobook/B005FRGT44
Host Last name, F. (Host). (Date). Title of episode (No.) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production Company. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Gonzalez & Malone, 2023).
References
Gonzalez, S. & Kenny Malone (Hosts). (2023, December 13). Why '90s ads are unforgettable [Audio podcast episode]. In Planet Money. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/1197956022/got-milk-soap-operas-advertising
Host Last name, F. (Host). (Date range). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production Company. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Fishel et al., 2022-present).
References
Fishel, D., Strong, R., & Friedle, W. (Hosts). (2022-present). Pod Meets World. iHeart Radio. https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-pod-meets-world-98589488/
In APA Style, most legal references are cited using the standard legal citation style, even though this differs from most APA Style rules.
Name v. Name, Volume Reporter Abbreviation Page (Year). URL
Example:
In-Text
(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954).
References
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483
Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year). URL
Example:
In-Text
(Limitations on Exclusive Rights: Fair Use, 1992).
References
Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use, 17 U.S. Code § 107. (1992). https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/107
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of webpage. Site name. URL.
Without an individual author:
Organization Name. (Date). Title of webpage. Site name. URL.
Example:
In-Text
(United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023).
References
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2023, September 6). Librarians and media specialists. Occupational Outlook Handbook. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/librarians.htm
Author Last Name, F. (Date). Title of Report (Report No.). Publisher. URL
Example:
In-Text
(Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2023).
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2023, December 14). 2023 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (Report no. 23(24)-0091-EF). Department of Health and Human Services. https://govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279/pdf/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279.pdf
APA has provided some new and developing guidance on how to cite AI generated content in your paper.
APA recommends using the creator of the AI as the author element.
For example, the author of ChatGPT content would be OpenAI.
Use the name of the chatbot used. Include in parentheses information about the version.
Date the content was generated.
URL for the tool
AI Publisher Name. (Year). Title of AI Service (Version) [Model description]. URL
Example:
In-Text
When prompted with "describe the history of werewolves," the ChatGPT-generated text indicated....
References
OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (3.5) [Large Language Model]. https://chat.openai.com
Any information sources that are not recoverable by the reader are considered personal communication. This includes things like personal interviews, emails, text messages, online chats, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, and memos.
You should only cite personal communication when no recoverable source is available.
Since the information is not retrievable, they are not included in the References list, just within the text of the paper itself.
(Initial and Last Name of Communicator, personal communication, Date)
Example:
In-Text
(D. Smith, personal interview, January 15, 2024)
(Initial and Last Name of Communicator, personal communication, Date)
Example:
In-Text
(M. Hopwood, personal email communication, February 15, 2023)
